According to this Bruegel policy brief, purely national migration policies are increasingly ineffective in addressing the EU’s urgent migration challenges. The author identifies high-skilled migration, irregular migration and asylum policy as the key areas for common action, while mid- and low-skilled legal migration and the integration challenge should continue to be dealt with at the national level. Regarding high-skilled immigration, he claims that the European blue card directive needs to be revised so that it genuinely offers access to the entire EU labour market, and that developing countries concerned about brain drain should be offered an opt-out clause.